Exosomes are tiny particles released from cells, belonging to a broader category called extracellular vesicles (EVs). Initially, scientists thought EVs were simply the cell's way of getting rid of unwanted proteins and waste, much like cellular rubbish bins. However, further research has revealed that these vesicles play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication, acting as messengers that influence the body's next actions.

Extracellular vesicles come in different sizes, with the largest being apoptotic bodies, which are involved in maintaining homeostasis, such as regulating body temperature.

Exosomes are the smallest type of extracellular vesicle, measuring just 30 to 150 nanometers in width. They carry a variety of biological materials like DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, all of which are essential for cell communication and maintenance. Exosomes have been shown to promote myelin formation, support neurite growth, and enhance neuronal survival, making them key players in tissue repair and regeneration. Interestingly, exosomes in the central nervous system also contain proteins that help combat diseases, highlighting their role in maintaining health.